_______________________________ Unix __________________________________ 
You need to know about a dozen commands to function in any operating 
system.  Unix commands are short and mnemonic and very natural.
Most of them take various -flags to modify their action.  You can use
	alias newname something   to name "something" to "newname". 
e.g.	alias cp 'cp -ip'
All aliases and customizations may be placed in your  .cshrc  file.
In general,
	command -h   shows the usage (syntax)
	man command  will tell you more than you want to know!

Here is a list of the essential commands  [and useful aliases]:
  ls  = list   [ alias l 'ls -FC' ], [ alias dir 'ls -lF \!* | more' ]
  cp  = copy            [ alias cp 'cp -ip' ]
  mv  = move, rename    [ alias ren 'mv -i' ]
  cd  = change dir
  rm  = remove (delete) [alias rm '/bin/rm -ir'],[ alias del /bin/rm ]
  lpr = print file 
  vi  = visual editor (the standard Unix editor, see below)
  more  = display a file page-by-page
  mkdir = make dir
  rmdir = remove dir
  man   = manual (help) on a command
  chmod = change mode of file (set permissions)
  logout = log off the machine
  ssh   = log on to another machine (secure shell)
  scp   = (secure cp) copy files between machines 
  ~  refers to the home dir,   .  to current dir,   ..  to parent dir
There are hundreds of other commands/tools, do: xman  to see them.

_______________________________ vi editor______________________________ 
  vi filename   starts vi on the file, you'll be in command mode
  ZZ	write (save) and exit	 :q!  quit (exit) without saving
 h, j, k, l    move cursor left, down, up, right
  H	to top of page		 L	to bottom of page
  ^F	page forward		^B	page backward
  1G	to top of file		 G	to bottom of file
  i	insert        ...ESC	 a	append (after cursor)     ...ESC
  o	open new line ...ESC	 O	open new line above cursor...ESC
  x  delete character	 dw  delete word	dd  delete line
There are many,many more commands and customizations, but these are the
most essential.  There is also a public domain vi for DOS.

_______________________________ zip/unzip______________________________ 
Best compress/archive utility.  zip -h , unzip -h  show the options.  
I use the following aliases:
  alias zp    'zip -oyz'	#preserve date,skip links,ask for comment
  alias zpm   'zip -oyz9m'      # also -m: delete zipped files
  alias zpmr  'zip -oyz9mr'     # also -r: recurse into subdir's
  alias zl    'unzip -l'        # list zipped files
  alias uz     unzip

_______________________________ email _________________________________ 
  mail user@address  (end message with . on a newline) 
Commands within mail (at $ prompt):
  h  = headers (current msg is indicated by > in 1st column)
  p  = print current msg on the screen
  r  = reply to the current msg
  d  = delete current msg
  s  = save current msg to a file
  ~r = read a file into msg (when composing a msg)
  ~v = vi the current msg
  q  = quit mail

_______________________________ X Windows _____________________________ 
Each window is an xterm, emulating a terminal.  A window manager (such 
as twm or gnome) manages all the windows and the mouse. Can be customized.  
The greatest thing about X is that you can run on a remote machine and 
display its output on your screen !  We'll learn how...

______________________________ Fortran / C ____________________________ 
gfortran code.f	compile Fortran code.f and produce executable a.out
  gcc    code.c	compile C       code.c and produce executable a.out

______________________________  Run a code ____________________________ 
The standard input/output device is the screen, unless redirected, e.g.
    a.out		will read and write to the screen, but
    a.out < dat      	will read from "dat" and write to screen
    a.out < dat > out	will read from "dat" and write to "out".

______________________________  Plotting  _____________________________ 
Simplest, nicest (and free) plotting tool ever is:  gnuplot
Start gnuplot with: gnuplot, then do: help plot ,  help set
Everything is on line, nothing to remember !!!   Try this:
   gnuplot> plot [-4:4] sin(pi*x), cos(pi*x/2) with points
You can get a Windows version for your PC from 
 http://ftp.gnuplot.info/pub/gnuplot/

___________________________ Exploring the Internet ____________________ 
Web browsers (Netscape, IE, etc) are amazing pieces of software 
that have caused the explosive growth of the Internet since 1993.
You can visit the World Wide Web and amaze yourself with what 
is available out there.  The economy, and our lives are being 
transformed by it...  Try these to start with:
	http://www.math.utk.edu/~vasili  (my page)
	http://www.math.utk.edu	         (Math Dept page)

Access the WWW page for this course (XXX=course number) at: 
		http://www.math.utk.edu/~vasili/XXX